Carbon neutrality refers to achieving net zero carbon dioxide emissions by balancing carbon dioxide emissions with removal. It is critical for achieving the global climate change targets. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1.5 °C Special Report, the world would have to achieve carbon neutrality by early mid-century to limit global warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. With the historic announcement that China will aim for carbon neutrality by 2060 some 65% of the world’s emissions are now subject to some form of net zero emissions goal. The climate research community must now make a similar seismic shift towards providing the world’s leaders with the tools and insights they will need to realize such ambitious goals. The trail-blazing IPCC 1.5 °C Special Report pioneered a focus on deep decarbonization pathways, but a vast landscape of detail must still be explored if we are to confidently manage such a profound restructuring of our economic systems. The focus for this Special Issue will be on how those countries with stated carbon neutrality or net zero goals might achieve their aims, and what cross-cutting insights might be gained from energy transition dynamics observed around the world. This Special Issue seeks to deepen our understanding of enabling and accelerating the green transition of such large economies as China, EU, Japan, UK, and South Korea, and understanding how to accommodate potentially disruptive, non-marginal options for climate change mitigation, and any adverse outcomes they may bring. Contributions could include (but are not limited to) the following: Electrification of end-uses (building, industry and transportation); Managing disruptive mitigation technologies; Energy efficiency improvements; Sectoral integration analysis (synergies and trade-offs), grid flexibility (energy storage, demand side management, etc.); Pathways with low energy and material demand; Behavioural changes; Non-CO2 emissions reduction; Regional, sectoral-level, mid-century strategies; GHG-neutral e-fuels (power-to-x technologies); Coal phase-out; Power plants with carbon capture and storage (CCS); Bio-energy with CCS (BECCS); Synergies, co-benefits, and trade-offs between climate action and other SDGs.